Today I learned about Christendom.
- International society
- Monasteries sent their monks from one country to another
- Cistercian: when choosing superiors, nationality must not be considered
- Bishops and abbots governed places far from their countries of birth
- St. Anselm, a Piedmontese (Northern Italy), was Abbot of Bec in Normandy (France), then Archbishop of Canterbury (England)
- St. Hugh, a Savoyard, became Bishop of Lincoln (England)
- John of Salisbury, and Englishman, became a Bishop of Chartres (France)
- Nationality had nothing to do with acceptance as a university professor
- University of Paris
- St. Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure (Italians)
- Albert the Great (German)
- Sigier of Brabant (Belgan)
- Students more diverse still
- University of Paris
- Artists and craftsmen worked throughout Europe
- Stonemasons, master craftsmen
- Frenchmen worked in England, Spain, Hungary
- Church as a peacemaker
- Papal arbitrations
- Pope Gregory VII between Philip I of France and William the Conqueror
- Pope Innocent III between England and Scotland
- Mediation of Pope Clement III and Celestine III between France and England
- Papal arbitrations
- Sanctions
- Excommunication
- Interdict