Grade 10 Western Civilization Lesson 104

Today I learned about Christendom.

• International society
• Monasteries sent their monks from one country to another
• Cistercian: when choosing superiors, nationality must not be considered
• Bishops and abbots governed places far from their countries of birth
  • St. Anselm, a Piedmontese (Northern Italy), was Abbot of Bec in Normandy (France), then Archbishop of Canterbury (England)
  • St. Hugh, a Savoyard, became Bishop of Lincoln (England)
  • John of Salisbury, and Englishman, became a Bishop of Chartres (France)
• Nationality had nothing to do with acceptance as a university professor
  • University of Paris
    • St. Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure (Italians)
    • Albert the Great (German)
    • Sigier of Brabant (Belgan)
    • Students more diverse still
• Artists and craftsmen worked throughout Europe
  • Stonemasons, master craftsmen
  • Frenchmen worked in England, Spain, Hungary
• Church as a peacemaker
  • Papal arbitrations
    • Pope Gregory VII between Philip I of France and William the Conqueror
    • Pope Innocent III between England and Scotland
    • Mediation of Pope Clement III and Celestine III between France and England
• Sanctions
  • Excommunication
  • Interdict